Banach algebras

1 Introduction

This note is a collection of results on Banach algebras whose proofs do not require the machinery of integrating functions that take values in Banach spaces, and that do not require the algebra to be commutative.

2 Banach algebras and ideals

Unless we say otherwise, every vector space we talk about is taken to be over $ℂ$. A Banach algebra is a Banach space $𝔄$ that is also an algebra satisfying $\parallel AB\parallel \le \parallel A\parallel \parallel B\parallel$ for $A,B\in 𝔄$. We say that $𝔄$ is unital if there is a nonzero element $I\in 𝔄$ such that $AI=A$ and $IA=A$ for all $A\in 𝔄$, called a identity element. If $X$ is a Banach space, let $ℬ(X)$ denote the set of bounded linear operators $X\to X$, and let ${ℬ}_0(X)$ denote the set of compact linear operators $X\to X$ (to be compact means that the image of each bounded set is precompact). $ℬ(X)$ is a unital Banach algebra. ${ℬ}_0(X)$ is a Banach algebra, but it is unital if and only if $X$ is finite dimensional.

An ideal of a Banach algebra $𝔄$ is a vector subspace $\Im$ such that

$$\Im 𝔄\subseteq \Im ,𝔄\Im \subseteq \Im .$$

We define the algebra quotient $𝔄/\Im$ by

$$𝔄/\Im =\{A+\Im :A\in 𝔄\},$$

and define

$$(A+\Im )(B+\Im )=AB+\Im ;$$

this makes sense because $\Im$ is an ideal. We define a seminorm on $𝔄/\Im$ by

$$\parallel A+\Im \parallel =\underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel A-S\parallel ;$$

we call this the quotient seminorm. In the following theorem we show that if the ideal is closed then this seminorm is a norm.

Theorem 1.

If $\Im$ is a closed ideal in a Banach algebra $𝔄$, then $𝔄/\Im$ is a Banach algebra with the quotient norm.

Proof.

Suppose that $\parallel A+\Im \parallel =0$. This means

$$\underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel A-S\parallel =0.$$

Let $S_n\in \Im$ with $\parallel A-S_n\parallel \to 0$. That is, $S_n\to A$. Since $\Im$ is closed we get $A\in \Im$, and hence $A+\Im =0+\Im$, showing that the seminorm on the quotient is in fact a norm.

Let $z_n\in 𝔄/\Im$ be a Cauchy sequence and let $z_{a(n)}$ be a subsequence with for all $n\in \mathbb{N}$. We shall use the fact that $𝔄$ is complete to prove that the sequence $z_n$ converges and therefore that $𝔄/\Im$ is complete. We define a sequence $A_n$ in $𝔄$ inductively as follows. Let $A_1$ be any element of $z_{a(1)}$. Suppose that $z_{a(n)}=A_n+\Im$, and let $T$ be any element of $z_{a(n+1)}$. We have

$$\parallel z_{a(n+1)}-z_{a(n)}\parallel =\underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel T-A_n-S\parallel ,$$

hence

As this is an infimum and the inequality is strict, there is some $S\in \Im$ for which , and we define $A_{n+1}=T-S$. Thus defined, the sequence $A_n$ satisfies for all $n$ and hence is a Cauchy sequence (as the consecutive differences are summable). Thus $A_n$ converges to some $A\in 𝔄$, as $𝔄$ is a Banach space. We have

$$\parallel z_{a(n)}-(A+\Im )\parallel =\underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel A_n-A-S\parallel \le \underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel A_n-A\parallel +\underset{S\in \Im }{inf}\parallel S\parallel =\parallel A_n-A\parallel ,$$

which tends to $0$ as $n\to \mathrm{\infty }$. Therefore $z_{a(n)}\to A+\Im$. As $z_n$ is a Cauchy sequence a subsequence of which converges to $A+\Im$, it follows that $z_n\to A+\Im$. We have shown that each Cauchy sequence in $𝔄/\Im$ converges, and hence $𝔄/\Im$ is complete. ∎

If $X$ is a Banach space, then ${ℬ}_0(X)$ is a closed ideal of the Banach algebra $ℬ(X)$. Hence with the quotient norm, the quotient algebra $ℬ(X)/{ℬ}_0(X)$ is a Banach algebra. Let ${ℬ}_{00}(X)$ denote the set of bounded finite rank linear operators $X\to X$ (to be finite rank means to have a finite dimensional image). ${ℬ}_{00}(X)$ is an ideal of $ℬ(X)$, but it is closed if and only if $X$ is finite dimensional. The closure of ${ℬ}_{00}(X)$ is contained in ${ℬ}_0(X)$. (If the closure is equal to ${ℬ}_0(X)$ we say that the Banach space $X$ has the approximation property.)

3 Left regular representation

A Banach algebra $𝔄$ is in particular a Banach space, and thus $ℬ(𝔄)$ is itself a Banach algebra with the operator norm. The left regular representation is the map $L:𝔄\to ℬ(𝔄)$ defined by

$$L(A)B=AB,A,B\in 𝔄.$$

It is apparent that $L$ is an algebra homomorphism, and for $A,B\in 𝔄$,

$$\parallel L(A)B\parallel =\parallel AB\parallel \le \parallel A\parallel \parallel B\parallel ,$$

showing that $\parallel L(A)\parallel \le \parallel A\parallel$. If $𝔄$ has identity element $I$, then $\parallel I\parallel =\parallel I\cdot I\parallel \le \parallel I\parallel \parallel I\parallel$, and as $\parallel I\parallel \ne 0$ we get $\parallel I\parallel \ge 1$. We’d like the norm on $𝔄$ to satisfy $\parallel I\parallel =1$, and we define

$${\parallel A\parallel }_0=\parallel L(A)\parallel =\underset{\parallel B\parallel \le 1}{sup}\parallel L(A)B\parallel \le \parallel A\parallel .$$

Check that $L$ is injective, from which it follows that $\parallel \cdot {\parallel }_0$ is nondegenerate and is thus a norm on $𝔄$. On the other hand,

$$\parallel A\parallel =\parallel L(A)I\parallel \le \parallel L(A)\parallel \parallel I\parallel ={\parallel A\parallel }_0\parallel I\parallel .$$

Therefore,

$${\parallel A\parallel }_0\le \parallel A\parallel \le \parallel I\parallel {\parallel A\parallel }_0,$$

so $\parallel \cdot \parallel$ and $\parallel \cdot {\parallel }_0$ are equivalent norms on $𝔄$, and thus for most purposes anything we say using one can be said just as well using the other. We decree that if we are talking about a unital Banach algebra then its norm is such that $\parallel I\parallel =1$. Then, $L$ is an isometry.

4 Invertible elements

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, we say that $A\in 𝔄$ is invertible if there is some $B\in 𝔄$ such that $AB=I$ and $BA=I$, and we call $A^{-1}=B$ the inverse of $A$. We denote by $\mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$ the set of invertible elements of $𝔄$, and we call $\mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$ the multiplicative group of the Banach algebra. We now prove that a perturbation of norm of the identity element in a unital Banach algebra remains in the multiplicative group.

Theorem 2.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, and , then $I-A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, and

$$\parallel {(I-A)}^{-1}-I-A\parallel \le \frac{{\parallel A\parallel }^2}{1-\parallel A\parallel }.$$

Proof.

Define $S_n={\sum }_{k=0}^n{A}^k$. For $n>m$ we have

$$\parallel S_n-S_m\parallel \le \sum _{k=m+1}^n{\parallel A\parallel }^k={\parallel A\parallel }^{m+1}\frac{1-{\parallel A\parallel }^{n-m}}{1-\parallel A\parallel }\le \frac{{\parallel A\parallel }^{m+1}}{1-\parallel A\parallel }.$$

Thus $S_n$ is a Cauchy sequence and so has a limit $S\in 𝔄$. Because $S_n(I-A)=I-A^{n+1}$, we have

$$\parallel S_n(I-A)-I\parallel =\parallel A^{n+1}\parallel \le {\parallel A\parallel }^{n+1}\to 0,$$

so $S_n(I-A)\to I$. But

$$\parallel S_n(I-A)-S(I-A)\parallel \le \parallel S_n-S\parallel \parallel I-A\parallel \to 0,$$

so $S_n(I-A)\to S(I-A)$. Therefore $S(I-A)=I$. One similarly shows that $(I-A)S=I$, and hence that $I-A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, with ${(I-A)}^{-1}=S$. Furthermore,

$$\parallel S-I-A\parallel =\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel S_n-I-A\parallel =\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\parallel \sum _{k=2}^n{A}^k\parallel \le \underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}\sum _{k=2}^n{\parallel A\parallel }^k=\frac{{\parallel A\parallel }^2}{1-\parallel A\parallel }.$$

∎

In the above theorem we found that if then ${(I-A)}^{-1}={\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{A}^n$. This is an analog of the geometric series, and is called a Neumann series.

If $𝔄$ is a Banach algebra and $\varphi :𝔄\to ℂ$ is a linear map satisfying

$$\varphi (AB)=\varphi (A)\varphi (B),A,B\in 𝔄,$$

then $\varphi$ is called a complex homomorphism on $\mathrm{A}$. That is, a complex homomorphism on $𝔄$ is an algebra homomorphism $𝔄\to ℂ$. It is straightforward to prove that if $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $\varphi$ is a complex homomorphism on $𝔄$, then $\varphi (I)=1$ and $\varphi (A)\ne 0$ for all $A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$. A linear functional on a Banach algebra need not be continuous, but in the following we prove that a nonzero complex homomorphism has operator norm 1, and in particular is continuous.

Corollary 3.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $\varphi$ is a nonzero complex homomorphism on $𝔄$, then $\parallel \varphi \parallel =1$.

Proof.

Let $A\in 𝔄$ with . If $\lambda \in ℂ$ with $|\lambda |\ge 1$ then , and by Theorem 2 we have $I-{\lambda }^{-1}A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$. Then,

$$1-{\lambda }^{-1}\varphi (A)=\varphi (I)-\varphi ({\lambda }^{-1}A)=\varphi (I-{\lambda }^{-1}A)\ne 0,$$

hence $1\ne {\lambda }^{-1}\varphi (A)$, i.e. $\varphi (A)\ne \lambda$. This shows that . ∎

The Gleason-Kahane-Zelazko theorem states that if $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $\varphi$ is a linear functional on $𝔄$ satisfying $\varphi (I)=1$ and $\varphi (A)\ne 0$ for $A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, then $\varphi$ is a complex homomorphism.

In Theorem 2 we proved that a perturbation of the identity element remains in the multiplicative group. We now prove that for any element of the multiplicative group, a sufficiently small perturbation of this element remains in the multiplicative group, i.e. that the multiplicative group is an open set.

Theorem 4.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, $h\in 𝔄$, and , then $A+h\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, and

Proof.

, so by Theorem 2 we get $I+A^{-1}h\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$. Therefore

$$A+h=A(I+A^{-1}h)\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄).$$

Furthermore,

$${(A+h)}^{-1}-A^{-1}+A^{-1}h{A}^{-1}=\left({(I+A^{-1}h)}^{-1}-I+A^{-1}h\right)A^{-1},$$

and by Theorem 2,

$\parallel \left({(I+A^{-1}h)}^{-1}-I+A^{-1}h\right)A^{-1}\parallel$ $\le \parallel {(I+A^{-1}h)}^{-1}-I+A^{-1}h\parallel \parallel A^{-1}\parallel$

$\le {\displaystyle \frac{{\parallel A^{-1}h\parallel }^2}{1-\parallel A^{-1}h\parallel }}\parallel A^{-1}\parallel$

$\le {\displaystyle \frac{{\parallel A^{-1}\parallel }^3{\parallel h\parallel }^2}{1-\parallel A^{-1}h\parallel }}$

the final inequality is because and hence $1-\parallel A^{-1}h\parallel >\frac{1}{2}$. ∎

5 Spectrum

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $A\in 𝔄$, the spectrum of $A$ is the set

$$\sigma (A)=\{\lambda \in ℂ:\lambda I-A\notin \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)\},$$

and the spectral radius of $A$ is

$$r(A)=\underset{\lambda \in \sigma (A)}{sup}|\lambda |.$$

If $|\lambda |>\parallel A\parallel$ then and so by Theorem 2,

$$\lambda I-A=\lambda \left(I-\frac{A}{\lambda }\right)\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄),$$

so $\lambda \notin \sigma (A)$. Therefore,

$$r(A)\le \parallel A\parallel .$$

For $\lambda \notin \sigma (A)$, we define the resolvent of $A$ by

$$R(A,\lambda )={(A-\lambda I)}^{-1}\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄).$$

The following is the resolvent identity.

Theorem 5 (Resolvent identity).

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, and $\lambda ,\mu \notin \sigma (A)$, then

$$R(A,\lambda )-R(A,\mu )=(\lambda -\mu )R(A,\lambda )R(A,\mu ).$$

Proof.

We have

$(A-\lambda I)(R(A,\lambda )-R(A,\mu ))(A-\mu I)$ $=$ $(A-\lambda I)R(A,\lambda )(A-\mu I)$

$-(A-\lambda I)R(A,\mu )(A-\mu I)$

$=$ $(A-\mu I)-(A-\lambda I)$

$=$ $(\lambda -\mu )I.$

∎

The resolvent set of $A$ is $\rho (A)=ℂ\setminus \sigma (A)$. The following theorem implies that the resolvent set of $A$ is open, and therefore that the spectrum of $A$ is closed. Because $r(A)\le \parallel A\parallel$, it follows that $\sigma (A)$ is a compact set.

Theorem 6.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, and $\lambda \in \rho (A)$, then implies that $\mu \in \rho (A)$.

Moreover, $\sigma (A)$ is nonempty, and although $r(A)$ may be strictly less than $\parallel A\parallel$, the spectral radius is equal to a limit of norms.

Theorem 7.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $A\in 𝔄$, then $\sigma (A)$ is nonempty, and

$$r(A)=\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{lim}{\parallel A^n\parallel }^{1/n}.$$

Using the fact that the spectrum of any element of a unital Banach algebra is nonempty, one can prove the Gelfand-Mazur theorem, which states that if $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra for which every nonzero element is invertible, then there is an isometric algebra isomorphism $𝔄\to ℂ$.

The following theorem shows that $\lambda \mapsto R(A,\lambda )$ is a continuous function $\rho (A)\to 𝔄$. From this and the resolvent identity it follows that for any $\lambda \in \rho (A)$,

$$\underset{\mu \to \lambda }{lim}\frac{R(A,\mu )-R(A,\lambda )}{\mu -\lambda }=R{(A,\lambda )}^2,$$

i.e.

$$R^{\prime }(A,\lambda )=R{(A,\lambda )}^2.$$

Theorem 8.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra and $A\in 𝔄$, then $\lambda \mapsto R(A,\lambda )$ is a continuous function $\rho (A)\to 𝔄$.

Proof.

From Theorem 5, if $\lambda ,\mu \in \rho (A)$ then

$$\parallel R_{\mu }-R_{\lambda }\parallel \le |\mu -\lambda |\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel \parallel R_{\mu }\parallel ,$$ (1)

where we write $R_{\lambda }=R(A,\lambda )$. As

$$\parallel R_{\mu }-R_{\lambda }\parallel \ge \parallel R_{\mu }\parallel -\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel ,$$

we get

$$\parallel R_{\mu }\parallel \le |\lambda -\mu |\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel \parallel R_{\mu }\parallel +\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel ,$$

which is

$$\parallel R_{\mu }\parallel (1-|\lambda -\mu |\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel )\le \parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel .$$ (2)

If $\lambda \in \rho (A)$ and $|\mu -\lambda |\le \frac{1}{2}\cdot {\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel }^{-1}$, then from Theorem 6 we get $\mu \in \rho (A)$, and combined with (2) this gives

$$\parallel R_{\mu }\parallel \le 2\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel .$$

Applying this to (1) we have that if $\lambda \in \rho (A)$ and $|\mu -\lambda |\le \frac{1}{2}\cdot {\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel }^{-1}$ then

$$\parallel R_{\mu }-R_{\lambda }\parallel \le 2|\mu -\lambda |{\parallel R_{\lambda }\parallel }^2,$$

from which it follows that $\lambda \mapsto R_{\lambda }$ is a continuous function $\rho (A)\to 𝔄$. ∎

The following theorem tells us that if the spectrum of an element of a unital Banach algebra is contained in an open set, then the spectrum of a sufficiently small perturbation of that element is contained in the same open set.

Theorem 9.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, and $\mathrm{\Omega }$ is an open subset of $ℂ$ containing $\sigma (A)$, then there is some $\delta >0$ such that implies that $\sigma (A+h)\subset \mathrm{\Omega }$.

Proof.

If $|\lambda |>\parallel A\parallel$, then

$$R(A,\lambda )={\left(A-\lambda I\right)}^{-1}=\frac{1}{\lambda }\cdot {\left(\frac{A}{\lambda }-I\right)}^{-1}=-\frac{1}{\lambda }\cdot \sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\left(\frac{A}{\lambda }\right)}^n,$$

hence

$$\parallel R(A,\lambda )\parallel \le \frac{1}{|\lambda |}\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\left(\frac{\parallel A\parallel }{|\lambda |}\right)}^n=\frac{1}{|\lambda |}\cdot \frac{1}{1-\frac{\parallel A\parallel }{|\lambda |}}=\frac{1}{|\lambda |-\parallel A\parallel }.$$

Hence ${lim}_{|\lambda |\to \mathrm{\infty }}\parallel R(A,\lambda )\parallel =0$. By Theorem 8, $\lambda \mapsto \parallel R(A,\lambda )\parallel$ is a continuous function $\rho (A)\to ℝ$. It follows that there is some $M>0$ such that $\lambda \notin \mathrm{\Omega }$ implies that . If and $\lambda \notin \mathrm{\Omega }$, then

which implies that $R(A,\lambda )h+I\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$. From this we obtain that

$$A+h-\lambda I=(A-\lambda I)(R(A,\lambda )h+I)\in \mathrm{GL}(𝔄),$$

which means that $\lambda \notin \sigma (A+h)$. We have shown that if then $\sigma (A+h)\subset \mathrm{\Omega }$. ∎

The following theorem gives conditions under which we can evaluate a holomorphic function at an element of a unital Banach algebra, and shows that the image of the spectrum is contained in the spectrum of the image.

Theorem 10.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, $\parallel A\parallel \le r$, and $f(z)={\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{z}^n$ is holomorphic on a domain that contains the closed disc $\overline{B_r(0)}$, then

$$f(A)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{A}^n\in 𝔄,$$

and if $\lambda \in \sigma (A)$ then $f(\lambda )\in \sigma (f(A))$.

Proof.

For $N>M$,

$\parallel {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^N}{\alpha }_n{A}^n-{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^M}{\alpha }_n{A}^n\parallel$ $=$ $\parallel {\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}{\alpha }_n{A}^n\parallel$

$\le$ ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}|{\alpha }_n|\parallel A^n\parallel$

$\le$ ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}|{\alpha }_n|{\parallel A\parallel }^n$

$\le$ ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}|{\alpha }_n|r^n.$

Because the radius of convergence of ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{z}^n$ is $>r$, it follows that the above sums tend to $0$ as $M\to \mathrm{\infty }$, showing that $f(A)\in 𝔄$. Define

$$P_n(A,\lambda )=\sum _{k=0}^n{\lambda }^k{A}^{n-k},$$

giving

$$(A-\lambda I)P_n(A,\lambda )=\sum _{k=0}^n\left({\lambda }^k{A}^{n-k+1}-{\lambda }^{k+1}{A}^{n-k}\right)=A^{n+1}-{\lambda }^{n+1}I.$$

We have

$$f(A)-f(\lambda )I=\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n(A^n-{\lambda }^{n}I)=(A-\lambda I)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda ).$$

But if $|\lambda |\le r$ then

$$\parallel P_n(A,\lambda )\parallel \le \sum _{k=0}^n{|\lambda |}^k\parallel A^{n-k}\parallel \le \sum _{k=0}^n{|\lambda |}^k{\parallel A\parallel }^{n-k}\le \sum _{k=0}^n{r}^n=(n+1)r^n,$$

and if $N>M$ then

$\parallel {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^N}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda )-{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^M}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda )\parallel$ $=$ $\parallel {\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda )\parallel$

$\le$ ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}|{\alpha }_n|\parallel P_{n-1}(A,\lambda )\parallel$

$\le$ ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=M+1}^N}|{\alpha }_n|n{r}^{n-1},$

and as ${\sum }_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{z}^n$ has radius of convergence $>r$ this tends to $0$ as $M\to \mathrm{\infty }$. Therefore

$$\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda )\in 𝔄,$$

and hence

$$f(A)-f(\lambda )I=(A-\lambda I)\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\alpha }_n{P}_{n-1}(A,\lambda )\in 𝔄.$$

If $\lambda \in \sigma (A)$ then $A-\lambda I\notin \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, and as we have written $f(A)-f(\lambda )I$ as a product of $A-\lambda I$ and another element of $𝔄$, it follows that $f(A)-f(\lambda )I\notin \mathrm{GL}(𝔄)$, and thus $f(\lambda )\in \sigma (f(A))$. ∎

Theorem 11.

If $𝔄$ is a unital Banach algebra, $A\in 𝔄$, and $z_0\in ℂ$, then

$$\sigma (A-z_{0}I)=\sigma (A)-z_0.$$

Proof.

Let $f(z)=z-z_0$. If $\lambda \in \sigma (A)$ then by Theorem 10,

$$\lambda -z_0=f(\lambda )\in \sigma (f(A))=\sigma (A-z_{0}I),$$

so

$$\sigma (A)-z_0\subseteq \sigma (A-z_{0}I).$$

Let $B=A-z_{0}I$ and $g(z)=z+z_0$. If $\lambda \in \sigma (B)$ then by Theorem 10,

$$\lambda +z_0=g(\lambda )\in \sigma (g(B))=\sigma (A),$$

so

$$\sigma (B)+z_0\subseteq \sigma (A),$$

i.e.

$$\sigma (A-z_0)\subseteq \sigma (A)-z_0.$$

∎